I'm on a multi-year quest to answer that question!
The best I've found is running Python code inside Pyodide in WASM in Node.js or Deno accessed from Python via a subprocess, which is a wildly convoluted way to go but does appear to work! https://til.simonwillison.net/deno/pyodide-sandbox
Here's a related recent experimental library which does something similar but with JavaScript rather than Python as the unsafe language, again via Deno in a subprocess: https://github.com/simonw/denobox
In that case you'll need to look at general purpose sandboxes you can run Python in - stuff like Firecracker or Bubblewrap on Linux or sandbox-exec on macOS.