Unfortunately no. I have some course notes that I was putting together during the last iteration of the course, but they are in no way ready for public release. And while many other introductions draw a connection between classical and quantum, I haven't seen any that follow the same radical development as mine.
Scott Aaronson does follow a similar line of thinking in this Quantum Computing Since Democritus lectures [1]. He talks about the p-norm aspect, but doesn't talk about the tensor product structure. And I think for good reason. The way I teach is good for learning, but it is not how you would ultimately think about the link between classical and quantum computing, once you become an expert. Then you should think in terms of complexity theory or in terms of axiomatic relations between classical and quantum theories or information theory principles etc.
There is also David Mermin's book, which has a section on a similar sort of reasoning. I don't recommend it as a self-learning book because it has no exercises.
An example of a textbook which starts from the discrete, linear-algebra form of QM (using the Stern-Gerlach spin experiment) is "Quantum Mechanics: A Paradigms Approach" by David McIntyre of Oregon State University. It's not quite like what's described here, but much closer to it than the more traditional way of teaching QM (using differential equations).
