Wood itself is a composite material (lignan are the fibres, other stuff is effectively resin). Adobe is a fibre-composit (mud and strawa), as is daub-and-wattle plastering.
We've come up with more interesting fibres and resins over the years, but the fundamental concept is ancient and impressively effective.
There are newer variations including polymer-reinforced concrete (using fibres within the concrete matrix), and I'd be really surprised if there weren't developments using pre-stressed nets or webbing of polymers or other flexible fibres. That said, I don't follow the topic closely.
We've come up with more interesting fibres and resins over the years, but the fundamental concept is ancient and impressively effective.